Add Yahoo as a preferred source to see more of our stories on Google. Imagine a super-cold, ultra-thin layer of electrons trapped in a strong magnetic field. Normally, electrons move independently, ...

When two-dimensional electron systems are subjected to magnetic fields at low temperatures, they can exhibit interesting states of matter, such as fractional quantum Hall liquids. These are exotic ...

If one side of a conducting or semiconducting material is heated while the other remains cool, charge carriers move from the hot side to the cold side, generating an electrical voltage known as ...

For nearly a century, every particle in the quantum world has fallen into one of two camps. Bosons, like photons, happily ...