The P value reported by tests is a probabilistic significance, not a biological one. Figure 2: Repeated independent observations are used to estimate the s.d. of the null distribution and derive a ...

This calculation can be used for hypothesis testing in statistics Adam Hayes, Ph.D., CFA, is a financial writer with 15+ years Wall Street experience as a derivatives trader. Besides his extensive ...

P-values have taken quite a beating lately. These widely used and commonly misapplied statistics have been blamed for giving a veneer of legitimacy to dodgy study results, encouraging bad research ...

Imagine, if you dare, a world without P values. Perhaps you’re already among the lucky participants in the human race who don’t know what a P value is. Trust me, you don’t want to. P stands for ...