Figure 1: Photic stimulation during subjective night triggers activation of the MAPK signaling cascade. Figure 4: Photic stimulation results in nuclear co-localization of P-ERK and P-CREB in the SCN.

Aberrant activation of the Ras/Raf/MAPK/ERK kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase cascade and the VEGF pathway are commonly observed in breast cancer cells leading to malignant cell ...