Somatic hypermutation (SHM) of immunoglobulin variable (V) regions modulates antibody-antigen affinity is initiated by activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) on single-stranded DNA (ssDNA).

Our findings reveal: (1) significant limitations in widely used “universal” primers, often failing to capture microbial diversity due to unexpected variability in conserved regions, (2) substantial ...

Methods: The research analyzed specific genetic variations—TNF-α −308 G/A ... reducing dimensionality from N to a single dimension. Cross-validation and permutation testing were used to assess the ...

A team from the University of Geneva (UNIGE) discovered that a single gene, CLCN2, is involved in these variations. The study, published in Genome Biology, opens new perspectives on the evolution and ...